A teleoperation system includes a master station having a manually operable master link coupled to a master actuator which provides force resistance to operation and movement of the master link, and a slave station having a slave link moveable by a slave actuator in response to command signals. The system also includes a control unit for producing command signals in response to movement of the master link, such control unit having a position transducer for producing signals representing the position of the master link, a force transducer for producing signals representing the force applied to the master actuator by operation of the master link, a second force transducer for producing signals representing force applied to the slave link by the slave actuator, a second position transducer for producing signals representing position of the slave link, and a force controller responsive to the master link position signal, the master actuator force signal, the slave actuator force signal and the slave link position signal for producing a force command signal for supply to the slave actuator to cause the slave actuator to move the slave link in substantially faithful imitation of movement of the master link.

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An eccentric motion motor includes a hollow cylindrical stator in which is positioned a cylindrical armature in rolling engagement with the stator. Elongate conductive strips are disposed in the inside wall of the hollow of the stator to extend substantially the length thereof, with the strips being circumferentially spaced about the stator hollow. The conductive strips are coupled to a commutator voltage source which applies a voltage to successive ones of the conductive strips to produce an electrostatic force which attracts the armature and causes it to roll in the hollow of the stator. The armature may be made either of a conductive material or a dielectric material.

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A direct-drive active compliant end-effector (10) comprises a planar linkage (28) having input links (30, 44) driven by motors (24, 26). A force sensor (52) is connected between the output link (36) and a tool mount (48) for measuring tool interaction forces, signals representative of which together with those representative of angular displacement and velocity of the input links (30, 44) are used by a controller (82) for controlling the drive motors (24, 26) to provide active electronic compliancy.

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A robot (10) includes a statically-balanced direct-drive arm (14) having three degrees of freedom, all of which are independent articulated drive joints, the driving axes of two of which intersect at the center of gravity of the arm to eliminate gravity forces on the drive system without counterweights.

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An anthropomorphic master/slave manipulator system including master arm apparatus including a plurality of master tubular articulated portions which are coaxially adjacent one another and relatively rotatable, master transducing apparatus responsive to the relative rotation of the adjacent tubular portions and operative to provide a driving signal, slave arm apparatus including a plurality of slave tubular portions corresponding to those portions of the master arm apparatus, the slave tubular portions being coaxially adjacent one another and relatively rotatable, slave transducing apparatus responsive to the driving signal and operative to drivingly rotate the slave tubular portions through an angle that corresponds to the relative rotation of the corresponding master arm tubular portions, and a communication link between the master transducing apparatus and the slave transducing apparatus for applying the driving signal to the slave transducer.

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