A background subtraction apparatus of the present invention includes a key point locator for locating key points on a known object type, a boundary point locator for locating boundary points of the known object that make up the edges of the known object, and an edge processor for processing the edges to provide a clean-edged extraction of the known object from a background image. Preferably, the key point locator includes an alignment detector for detecting alignment of an image of the known object type with a skeleton image. Still more preferably, the skeleton image is an exoskeleton image and the known object type is a human being.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a pneumatic artificial muscle with a high contractile rate to realize a required performance in a power assist device. The developed muscle is constructed with two nylon bands and an expansion unit. The generated force from the expansion unit is converted to a contraction force by the nylon band. This artificial muscle can be realized the high contrac-tile rate. In this paper, the structure and the characteristics of the developed muscle are described, and then the application of this artificial muscle is discussed.

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